Geopolitical game-playing and gobal marketization are the two basic logics behind the current global resource governance system. Resource governance based on geopolitical thinking has always played an important role in the global resource politics and economy. Due to changes in the new geopolitical elements of resource governance, the geopolitics of resource governance has gradually transformed from the dichotomy game between producer and consumer countries into a multi-centric model. At the same time, with the end of the Cold War, the global resource market continues to develop, while the flexible governance system based on marketization has as well made progresses, reflected mainly in financialization, in-depth participation of multiple stakeholders, and the diversification of market paths and resource governance objectives. The relationship between the two logics is not that between the substitute and the one being substituted. The determining factor behind such a relationship is the strong interaction and conflict between sovereignty and global industry chain. It has not been split in the historical process, which on the other hand has shown a development trend from “strong geopolitics/weak market” to “strong geopolitics/middle market” and then to “strong geopolitics/strong market”. It is necessary to deal with the mixed development trend of the two logics in order for the current global resource governance system to proceed smoothly. China is facing both new opportunities and new challenges in the transformation of the global resource political and economic system. It should actively adapt to such a trend, deepen its path of participation, lead the rule-making process as much as possible, and promote the development of resource governance towards a more fair and reasonable direction.