《欧洲研究》2008年第1期

欧 洲 研 究

2008年第1期 第26卷  总第149期

 

目 录

欧洲认同研究专题

 

 

 

反思欧洲认同:历史、现状与未来

埃德加·莫兰、雅克·德洛尔、阿尔弗雷德·贝纳—维加

 

 

欧洲观念的变迁:1492-1992

邝  杨

 

 

欧盟公民权与欧洲认同

马胜利

 

 

论社会层面上的欧洲认同建构

田德文

 

 

法国对外文化政策的欧洲化与认同问题

彭姝袆

 

 

变化中的瑞典文化政策:地方化与欧洲化

郭灵凤

 

 

欧洲一体化研究

 

 

 

从“共同贸易政策”看“欧洲模式”

    ——谈谈一体化中的“欧洲化”取向及其法律保障体系

吴弦

 

 

《里斯本条约》的出台:解析和展望

吴江

 

 

国际政治经济评论

 

 

 

国际关系研究中的途径与范式

李少军

 

 

书评

 

 

 

福利国家的年龄倾向

    ——评朱利亚·林奇的《福利国家的“年龄”》

刘骥

 

 

学术动态

 

 

 

“欧盟是怎样一支力量”学术研讨会综述

肖柯、孙友晋

 

 

法国学者谈“全球化世界中的欧洲偏好”

易小明

 

 

“公民社会与欧洲建设”

               ——第四届中法历史文化研讨班综述

刘树才

 

内 容 摘 要

 

反思欧洲认同:历史、现状与未来

埃德加·莫兰  雅克·德洛尔  阿尔弗雷德·贝纳—维加

 

    编者按:“欧洲认同”是一体化进程中一个深层次的理论问题,近年来在欧洲进行了广泛的讨论。本期我们特约了三篇法国人士撰写的短文,从不同的视角对这个问题进行了论述。埃德加·莫兰是法国当代著名思想家,他的文章以“地中海神话”概念为切入点,用大历史的眼光,从欧洲文明变迁的角度对欧洲“树立起共同的认同感”的问题进行了哲理性的思考。雅克·德洛尔是前任欧盟委员会主席,在一体化进程中发挥过重要的作用。他的文章分析了欧洲建设过程中面临的观念性挑战,从政治现实的角度对欧洲认同问题进行了讨论。贝纳—维加则是一个从事实证社会学研究的科研人员,曾经以法国特定地区为样本,对青年人的欧洲观进行了广泛的调查。他的文章以田野资料为基础,讨论了法国青年的“欧洲意识”问题。青年是欧洲的未来,他们的欧洲意识也就预示着欧洲认同的未来。由于这三篇文章恰好分别侧重历史、现状和未来的角度对欧洲认同问题进行了讨论,所以我们以“反思欧洲认同”为题将它们组织在一起,以便为读者提供一个相对完整的逻辑框架,比较全面地了解欧洲人对于“认同问题”的看法。

 

Passé, présent et avenir, réflexions sur l’identité européenne

 

E. Morin, J. Delors et A., Pena-Vega

Avec l’approfondissement de l’intégration de l’Europe, le problème de l’identité européenne devient un problème important et suscite de vastes débats en Europe. Nous publions ici trois textes des personnalités franaises qui nous présentent, à partir des angles de vue différents, leurs analyses et réflexions sur ce problème. Dans son article Démythifier et remythifier la Méditerranée,dgar Morin, grand penseur contemporain a présenté, à partir du “Mythe de la Méditerranée”  sa vision historique de la civilisation européenne ainsi que sa réflexion philosophique sur la formation de l’identité européenne. Jacques Delors, ex-président de la Commission européenne, a joué un rle important dans le processus de l’intégration européenne. Dans son intervention au séminaire  La Question de l’identitié européenne dans la construction de l’Union (le 24 novembre 2005) , il a analysé les défits conceptuels que rencontre l’Europe dans sa construction et les réalités politiques concernant les problèmes de l’identité. Alfredo Pena-Vega est chercheur titulaire du Centre d’Etudes transdisciplinaires, Socologie, Anthropologie, Histoire (EHESS / CNRS). Reposant sur une conception plurielle, dynamique et complexe, il a fait, avec ses collègues une recherche exploratoire dans la région Poitou-Charentes sur la conscience européenne des jeunes. L’avenir de l’Europe réside dans la jeunesse, l’identité européenne dépendra de la conscience européenne des jeunes, voilà la signification de cette recherche.

 

 

欧洲观念的变迁:1492-1992

邝杨

   

    在长达五百年的历史进程中,欧洲观念(The Idea of Europe)主要有三类话语形式,即“欧洲文明”观(The Ideas of European Civilization)、“欧洲统一”观(The Ideas of European Unity)和“欧洲认同”观(The Ideas of European Identity),最后一类欧洲观念是新近出现的。这些观念的具体表达内容丰富多样,充分说明了欧洲观念有着动态的变异性,这些动态的变异性出现于社会文化变迁、地缘政治和欧洲一体化的语境中。本文在欧洲文明观部分揭示了欧洲人在自我—他者关系中的意识以及对文明的认识,在欧洲统一观部分概述了不同历史时期里关于欧洲统一问题的解决方案,在欧洲认同观部分介绍了埃德加·莫兰、安东尼·史密斯和于尔根·哈贝马斯这三位当代欧洲学者的理论观点。

关键词:欧洲观念  欧洲文明  欧洲统一  欧洲认同

 

The Idea of Europe in Transformation: 1492-1992

KUANG Yang

 

In the long run of the European history, the idea of Europe displays itself mainly in three forms of discourses: “the idea of European civilization”, “the idea of European unity” and “the idea of European identity”,which  find their expresssions in a variety of concrete contents,illustrating the dynamic variabilities of the idea of Europe grown out of the context of the socio-cultural changes, the geopolitics and the European integration. In this paper, the part on the idea of European civilization reveals the Europeans’ consciousness about the self-other relationships and their views on civilization. The one on the idea of European unity demonstrates briefly the scenarios for European unification in different periods of European history. And the part on the idea of European identity gives a concise introduction to the theories by three contemporary European scholars, that is, Edgar Morin, Anthony D. Smith and Jurgen Habermas.

 

欧盟公民权与欧洲认同

马胜利

 

    1991年《马斯特里赫特条约》宣布“建立欧盟公民权”,这标志着欧盟公民权的正式诞生。欧盟公民权是欧洲认同的重要内容和显著标志。欧盟公民权的建设既涉及到欧洲的法律、政治和社会现实,也涉及到它的思想意识,它不仅反映出欧洲一体化的重要进程,也关系到欧盟未来的前途与命运。本文论述了欧盟公民权的产生和内容、欧盟公民权的特点、欧盟公民权建设中存在的问题以及欧盟公民权建设的前景。

关键词:欧盟  公民权  欧洲认同  一体化  权利与义务

 

The EU Citizenship and the European Identity

MA Shengli

 

In 1991, the Maastricht Treaty claimed the creation of the EU citizenship,one of the most important contents and of the most significant benchmarks for the European identity. The building of the EU citizenship involves not only the law, politics and social reality of  Europe , but also her philosophy and ideology, reflecting the remarkable progress in the European integration and in a great degree deciding the future fate of the EU. This paper describes the emergence, contents and characteristics of the EU citizenship and discusses the problems in and the prospects of the building of the EU citizenship.

 

论社会层面上的欧洲认同建构

田德文

 

    本文认为,社会层面是“欧洲认同”建构过程中的基础领域,欧盟提出的“欧洲社会模式现代化”概念、共同体的社会政策体系,以及欧盟对于成员国社会政策领域的积极介入都具有着重要的意义。“欧洲社会模式现代化”是“欧洲认同”的核心内容,欧盟社会政策体系具有贴近人民、增强一体化的合法性的作用,而欧盟对于“欧洲公民社会权利”概念的建构正在成为社会层面上欧洲认同的新的基础。总的看来,在欧洲化进程中,欧盟在社会层面上采取的政策措施已经成为欧洲认同建构的主要方面之一。

关键词:欧洲社会模式  欧洲认同  社会政策

 

The Construction of European Identity at the Social Level

TIAN Dewen

 

This paper analyses the significance of the establishment of social Europe to the construction of the European identity, stresses the importance of the EU’s impetus to modernize the European Social Model, and discusses the constructive function of European social policy framework in the emerging European identity. The author takes the concept of European Social Model modernization as the core of European identity at the social level, because it both integrates the European social values in the process of welfare state transformation and distinguishes the “Europe” as an “us” from the “others” in the world. The European social policy framework is the main tool for the EU to keep close with its citizens and to increase the practibility and legitimacy of European integration process at the social level. In addition, the expanding definition and strengthening protection mechanism of European citizens’ social rights illustrate that a new European identity at the social level is growing in the Europeanization process.

 

法国对外文化政策的欧洲化与认同问题

彭姝祎

 

    法国是世界上最早制定对外文化政策的国家之一,其对外文化政策打着鲜明的服务于法国国家利益的烙印。但是,自上世纪七八十年代起、特别是进入九十年代以来,这一民族色彩浓厚的政策,在管理机构、主要政策工具、执行机构等一系列环节都悄然发生变化,出现了一定程度的欧洲化。本文首先介绍欧洲化的具体表现,进而探讨欧洲化背后的深层动因;鉴于对外文化政策往往含有“认同”目的或常常在客观上导致“认同”效应,最后探讨法国对外文化政策的欧洲化对认同建构的影响。

关键词:法国对外文化政策  欧洲化  认同

 

The Europeanisation of French Foreign Cultural Policy and the Issue of Identity

PENG Shuyi

 

France is one of the countries who have the longest history in formulating a foreign cultural policy, characterized by an obvious mark of service for its national interests. However, ever since the 1970s and the 1980s, and especially after the 1990s, gradual changes have taken place in French foreign cultural policy, including its managing authorities, major policy instruments and implementing institutes, displaying a certain degree of Europeanization . This paper first introduces the manifestations of this Europeanization, then explores the deep-going dynamics behind this process and finally discusses the influences of the Europeanization of French foreign cultural policy on identity construction, since a foreign cultural policy usually either aims at “identity” itself or leads to the effect of “identity”.

 

变化中的瑞典文化政策:地方化与欧洲化

郭灵凤

 

    第二次世界大战之后,瑞典文化政策被纳入福利国家体系,致力于为全体公民提供平等地参与社会文化活动的机会。但是,随着福利国家危机和经济全球化、欧洲一体化的进展,瑞典文化政策正经历着地方化和商业化两大趋势的转型。本文的基本假设是瑞典文化政策的变化有利于作为跨国行为者的欧盟对瑞典地方文化政策施加影响,进而导致瑞典地方认同发生变化。通过考察、分析瑞典文化政策转型的趋势及动因、瑞典与欧盟文化合作的案例以及文化政策与文化认同关系,本文认为欧盟对瑞典的文化资助虽然是“象征性”的,但这种跨部门、跨地区的文化合作对瑞典文化政策的发展趋势产生了深远的影响,即“瑞典文化政策的欧洲化”。这个欧洲化不仅体现为以文化促进经济、社会发展的政策导向,更涉及欧洲认同建构这一政治文化过程。但是,瑞典各地区文化政策欧洲化的程度并不一致,应根据不同情况慎重评价。

关键词:瑞典文化政策  地方化  欧洲化  认同构建

 

The Changing Swedish Cultural Policy: Regionalization and Europeanization

GUO Lingfeng

 

After the Second World War, the Swedish government incorporated the cultural policy into its national welfare system, and sought to offer equal opportunities for all the citizens to participate into the social-cultural activities. But with the crisis of the welfare states, the economic globalization and the European integration process, the Swedish cultural policy is undergoing a transition towards localization and commercialization. By examining the tendency and agents of the transformation of Swedish cultural policy, the cultural cooperation between the EU and Sweden and the relationships between cultural policy and cultural identity, this paper reaches a conclusion that the cooperation between the EU and Sweden exerts great influences on the development of the Swedish cultural policy and that the Europeanisation of the Swedish cultural policy not only shows a tendency of culture as an agent promoting the economic and social development, but lends impetus to the construction of European identity.

 

从“共同贸易政策”看“欧洲模式”——谈谈一体化中的“欧洲化”取向及其法律保障体系

吴弦

 

    欧盟独特的发展道路引发了何谓“欧洲模式”的热烈讨论。本文认为,从共同贸易政策入手,颇有助于探讨这一模式的构成要素。欧盟的核心目标首先是实现区域经济一体化,即打破各国经济间的隔离状态,确立欧洲统一的经济空间乃至实体。建立关税同盟是实现该目标的基石,而共同贸易政策则又是同盟构建中不可或缺的组成部分,因此能够集中反映出“欧洲模式”的本质特征,它表现为两大要素:(1)“欧洲化”取向;(2)提供法律保障。这两大要素的结合与互动是欧洲经济一体化赢得进展的关键,由此也成为“欧洲模式”要义的切实体现。

关键词:共同贸易政策  欧洲模式  欧洲化  欧盟法律体系

 

A Reflection on the European Model from the Perspective of the Common Commercial Policy

WU Xian

 

This paper tries to explore the essential elements as reflected in the European Model from the perspective of the Common Commercial Policy(CCP).Being an integral part of the Customs Union, the basis for starting the whole process of regional economic integration, the CCP surely contains some basic elements which embody the central features of the Model. At least two of them can be identified from this policy: (1) Orientation of “Europeanization.” The policy is directly orientated towards the establishment of a common market and towards unified market rules and orders at the European level, which can be seen clearly from its motivation, scope, uniformity principle and operation powers transferred to the EC.(2) Integration by law. The new legal order emerged from the building of the EC/EU constitutes the key means for establishing and developing the policy. All the sources of Community law  have played important roles in guaranteeing the pursuit of the Community’s aims, principles, scopes and exclusive competence.

 

《里斯本条约》的出台:解析和展望

吴江

   

    《里斯本条约》的出台使得结束欧盟制宪危机的努力取得了实质性的突破,这一改革性条约在核心内容上保留了《欧盟宪法条约》的精髓,它的出台标志着欧盟将继续深化机制改革,提高自身的行动能力。《里斯本条约》同时也是欧盟各成员国妥协的产物,围绕《欧盟宪法条约》作出的删改印证了欧盟特性的复杂性,并折射出欧盟内部各成员国之间的利益纠葛。从“宪法”到“条约”的蜕变,《里斯本条约》的出台表明欧盟尚不具备接纳宪法的政治成熟度。此次《里斯本条约》的诞生主要归功于连续几届欧盟轮值主席国的密切合作,表明欧盟在制宪危机中汲取了经验教训并逐渐趋于务实。目前条约即将进入充满一定悬念的批准阶段,条约是否能如期生效,人们尚需拭目以待。

关键词:《里斯本条约》  “强化合作”  双速欧洲

 

An Analysis of the Lisbon Treaty and Its Prospects

WU Jiang

 

The Treaty of Lisbon marks a substantial breakthrough in the amendment procedure over the past two years, which still maintains the core values of the EU Constitution. It signals that the EU will continue its reforms to become more efficient and capable. The Treaty of Lisbon is the result of compromises among the Member States. The differences between the EU Constitution  and the Lisbon Treaty exemplify the complexities of the relations among the interests of different member states. The change in its name from a “Constitution” to a “Treaty” demonstrates that the EU has not been ready to adopt a constitution. The successful signing of the Treaty of Lisbon is attributed to the close cooperation of the rotating presidencies, showing that the EU has learned from the constitutional crisis and is down to earth in the amendment efforts. The Treaty of Lisbon is still to be ratified by the member states before it goes into effect.

 

国际关系研究中的途径与范式

李少军

   

    学术研究的“途径”包括研究问题、分析视角、资料搜集、概念运用、论证方法等要素。如果某一种“途径”得到广泛认可,取得支配地位,那就可称为该领域的“范式”。在国际关系研究中,相继出现的传统主义与行为主义、实证主义与后实证主义、理性主义与建构主义等争论,就是这种意义上的“范式之争”。由于这些体现了认识论和方法论涵义的争论在很大程度上标志着国际关系研究的发展,因此了解它们的演进与主要分歧对于把握国际关系学科的基本知识和研究方法有着重要意义。在这里,我们一方面要理解经验论与唯理论这两种不同科学哲学观的争论主线,另一方面也应注意到在范式之间已开始出现了相互融合、宽容的新趋势。

关键词:国际关系  研究  途径  范式

 

Approaches and Paradigms in International Relations Studies

LI Shaojun

 

An approach of academic studies includes factors such as the research sujects, analysis perspectives, data collection, the application of concepts and methods of demonstration, which, if widely recognized and after having achieved dominance, can be called a “paradigm” in the particular area. With respect to international relations studies, the debates between traditionalism and behaviorism, positivism and post-positivism, as well as between rationalism and constructivism, are often called “paradigm debates.” An understanding of the evolution and major differences of these debates  is very important to grasp the basic knowledge and methodologies of the international relations discipline. On the one hand, we should understand the main streams in the controversy between the two different scientific philosophies which are empiricism and rationalism; while on the other hand, we should also note the new trend of mutual integration and tolerance that has begun to emerge among the various paradigms.

 

福利国家的年龄倾向——评朱利亚·林奇的《福利国家的“年龄”》

刘骥

A Review on Age in the Welfare State by Julia Lynch

LIU Ji

 

“欧盟是怎样一支力量”学术研讨会综述

肖柯、孙友晋

Symposium on “What Kind of a Power Is the EU”?

XIAO Ke  SUN Youjin

 

法国学者谈“全球化世界中的欧洲偏好”

易小明

Symposium on “Preferences of Europe in a Globalised World”

YI Xiaoming

 

“公民社会与欧洲建设”——第四届中法历史文化研讨班综述

刘树才

The Fourth Workshop on “China-France: Comparative Studies of History and Culture”

LIU Shucai