《欧洲研究》2008年第3期

欧 洲 研 究

2008年第3期 第26卷  总第151期

 

目 录

 

中国与欧洲
欧洲联盟治理结构的多元性及其对中国和平发展的影响	曾令良
欧洲一体化研究
“欧洲化”概念探析	李明明
东扩与欧盟合法性：政府间主义与超国家主义视角	简军波
欧盟对科索沃政策评析     ——欧盟东扩进程中的“例外”	刘作奎
欧盟新中亚政策评述	邵育群
论欧盟金融服务法中的设立自由原则	刘  轶
欧洲社会政策研究
欧洲灵活保障模式：起源、实践与绩效	杨伟国  唐  穗
北欧国家福利改革：政策实施成效及其制度背景的制约	林  卡
国别与地区
英国核威慑之争论	何奇松
土耳其在加入欧盟问题上的基本立场	李秉忠
欧洲讲坛
和平与安全:欧盟对外政策的基本价值理念	杨逢珉

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

内 容 摘 要

 

欧洲联盟治理结构的多元性及其对中国和平发展的影响

曾令良

 

    现行的欧盟治理是一种融超国家治理和政府间治理于一体的多元治理结构。欧盟治理结构的多元性不仅是相关政策领域一体化程度不同的体现，而且更集中和更直接地包含在欧盟层面的立法/决策、执行和司法权力的设置、行使者、行使方式和监督保障机制之中。尽管欧盟的治理结构不断面临着欧盟内外的各种挑战，但在全球治理结构中无疑称得上是一种极富个性的体制。欧盟的多元治理结构一方面属于集团性质，其对中国和平发展的影响势必远远超过任何一个单个国家；另一方面又包含着诸多超国家因素，其对中国和平发展的影响无疑超出了其他任何一种国际治理体制。中国应高度重视欧盟治理结构的多元化趋势，采取积极的应对措施，尤其是要扶持各种草根组织的力量，发挥其在对欧关系中不可替代的潜在作用。

关键词：欧盟治理结构  超国家治理  政府间治理  中国和平发展

 

The Pluralistic EU Governance Structure and Its Impacts on China’s Peaceful Development

ZENG Lingliang

 

The current EU governance is characterized as a pluralistic structure with a combination of both supranational and inter-governmental factors. This structure is not only reflected in the divergent integration degrees of related policy areas, but even more intensively and directly included in the institutions, competences, forms and procedures of legislation/decision-making, execution, adjudication, supervision and guarantee mechanisms at the EU level. Although increasingly confronted with various challenges both internally and externally, with its unique good governance and rule of law the EU governance structure can be undoubtedly described as a representative among the global governance structures nowadays. Since the EU pluralistic structure of governance, on the one hand, possesses a kind of group nature, and on the other hand, bears with a variety of supranational elements, its impacts on China’s peaceful development must be greater not only than any single country, but than any other international regime. Therefore, China should highlight the pluralistic tendency of the EU governance and actively adopt related measures, especially to support the establishment and development of its grass-root organizations and to make their potentials and irreplaceable roles into full play in China’s relationships with the EU.

 

 

“欧洲化”概念探析

李明明

 

    目前,“欧洲化”是欧洲政治研究中一个广受关注的研究方向。作为一个新概念，“欧洲化”的产生具有重要的理论意义。然而“欧洲化”也是一个存有巨大争议的概念，它的含义尚不清晰。本文在众多学者的研究基础上探讨了“欧洲化”的理论背景、概念分歧和分析模式，并为“欧洲化”提供了一个可操作的定义和概念框架。

关键词：“欧洲化”  欧洲区域一体化  欧盟政治

 

A Conceptual Analysis of Europeanisation

LI Mingming

 

At present “Europeanisation” is one of the subjects attracting widespread attention in the study on European politics. As a new concept, the birth of “Europeanisation” is founded on important theoretical backgrounds. However, it is also a concept around which heated debates exist  and whose connotations are not yet clear. Based on the studies of a number of scholars, this paper discusses the theoretical backgrounds, opinion divergences and analysis models related to this concept and provides an operational definition of and conceptual framework for the concept of “Europeanisation”.

 

 

东扩与欧盟合法性：政府间主义与超国家主义视角

简军波

 

    2004年和2007年的两次东扩已对欧盟合法性带来深刻影响，在规范性与经验性两个层面威胁到欧盟合法性的发展程度。具体而言，东扩加剧了欧盟民主赤字、投票权分布不均、欧洲认同困境、欧盟机构运作的低效，以及提供给欧洲公民的公共物品的稀缺等。但是，合法性更多是一种观念，因此从政府间视角与从超国家视角看待东扩后的欧盟合法性将会得出两种不同的结论。有鉴于此，本文认为欧盟合法性问题主要是一个观念问题，对合法性问题的争论实质上来源于对欧盟性质和未来前景的认知差异。

关键词：欧盟东扩  规范合法性  经验合法性  政府间主义  超国家主义

 

EU’s  Enlargements and Its Legitimacy: Intergovernmental and Supranational Perspectives

JIAN Junbo

 

The two Eastern enlargements of the EU in 2004 and 2007 have exerted great influences on the EU’s legitimacy in both the normative and empirical dimensions. In general, the Eastern enlargements have exacerbated the problems that the EU is facing such as its democratic deficit, unbalanced allocation of voting powers, difficulties in shaping the European identity, inefficiency of the EU institutions, and scarcity of public goods provided by the EU. However, since the problem of legitimacy, to a large extent, is more about an idea, different conclusions will be drawn about the impacts of the enlargements on the EU’s legitimacy depending on whether we analyse this problem from the intergovernmental or supranational perspective. In view of this, this paper concludes that the issue of the EU’s legitimacy is connected with an idea rather than with reality and that the debates about this issue mainly result from the cognitive differences regarding the EU’s nature and future.

 

欧盟对科索沃政策评析——欧盟东扩进程中的“例外”

刘作奎

 

    本文从“国家性”（statehood）[1]的角度论述了东扩进程中欧盟对科索沃政策的“独特性”，并详细分析了它的具体内容，即在联合国1244号决议的框架下负责科索沃地区的重建和发展，在稳定和联系进程框架下使其逐渐与欧盟的入盟要求接轨。由于联合国在科索沃处于支配地位，欧盟不得不淡化对科索沃的东扩政策，寻求在“标准”上与联合国靠近。欧盟的这一政策实际上助长了科索沃的独立，不仅损害了东南欧地区的稳定和欧洲一体化的发展，而且在一定程度上破坏了国际法准则，对全球存在分离主义的国家和地区的和平与稳定也造成了伤害。

关键词：欧盟  科索沃  东扩政策  国家性  例外

 

A Comment on the EU’s Policy to Kosovo —the “Uniqueness” in the Process of the EU’s Eastern Enlargement

LIU Zuokui

 

This paper explores the “uniqueness” and analyses in detail the contents of the EU’s policy to Kosovo in the process of its Eastern enlargement.  The EU will take responsibility of Kosovo’s reconstruction and development under the framework of the UN 1244 Resolution, and help Kosovo to meet the EU’s accession criteria within the framework of the Stability and Association Process. Due to the dominant role of the UN in Kosovo, the EU has to play down its Eastern enlargement policy towards Kosovo, in order to come close to the UN’s “standards”. This kind of policy by the EU has in fact fostered Kosovo’s independence, damaged the stability in Southeastern Europe and the development of European integration and in some degree violated the principles of international law, which is harmful to the peace and stability of those regions and states where secessionism still exists.

 

 

欧盟新中亚政策评述

邵育群

 

    2007年6月随着第一份对中亚的政治战略出台，欧盟的中亚政策进入了新阶段。本文主要分析了新政策产生的背景、主要内容和特点及其所面临的挑战。文章认为，总体上欧盟在中亚采取了更为积极的政策,对中国在该地区的利益不构成直接威胁。中国可以抓住欧盟推出新中亚政策的机遇，与其在中亚地区展开互动，使其政策朝有利于中国的方向发展。

关键词：欧盟  中亚政策  中国

 

An Analysis of the EU’s New Central Asian Policy

SHAO Yuqun

 

The EU’s Central Asian policy has entered a new phase which is symbolised by its first political strategy towards Central Asia published in June 2007. This paper tries to analyse the background, contents, characteristics of and the challenges faced by the new policy. The author believes that generally speaking, the EU’s more active policy to Central Asia doesn’t consist of a direct threat to the interests of China. China could take advantage of this opportunity to get more contacts with the EU and make the EU’s policy towards Central Asia to develop in a direction favourable to China.

 

 

论欧盟金融服务法中的设立自由原则

刘轶

 

    在欧盟金融服务法中，设立自由原则源于《欧共体条约》关于人员流动自由这一基本经济权利的规定，其基本精神是要求各成员国取消对共同体金融服务提供者跨境设立机构的各种限制，对于成员国法中符合公共秩序例外或者共同利益例外的限制性措施，设立自由原则是最低限度协调、相互承认和母国控制等原则的法律依据；对于不符合上述例外的限制性措施，该原则具有直接适用的法律效力。为了正确适用这一原则，欧洲法院在诉讼中应遵循严格的推理规则，依次对审理对象的性质、合法性和合理性作出认定。在新的历史时期，欧洲法院应当运用更为积极的方法来解释设立自由原则，藉此进一步提升欧盟金融服务市场一体化水平。

关键词：欧盟法  金融服务  设立自由原则

 

On the Principle of Freedom of Establishment in the Context of EU Financial Services Law

LIU Yi

 

In the EU’s financial services law, the principle of freedom of establishment, as derived from the free movement of persons, one of the four fundamental freedoms in the EC Treaty, prohibits all national measures that restrict cross-border set-up of financial institutions. As for the national restrictive measures falling under the categories of public order or general interests, the freedom of establishment constitutes the legal base for the principles of minimum harmonisation, mutual recognition and home country control; but as for any other national measures, it has direct effect. In order to apply it properly, the ECJ should conform to the rule of strict reasoning to decide on the nature, legitimacy and justification of specific national measures. In the post-FSAP era, it is advised that the ECJ take a more positive standpoint in interpreting this principle, so as to further promote the integration of the EU’s financial service market.

 

 

 

欧洲灵活保障模式：起源、实践与绩效

杨伟国  唐穗

 

    本文从灵活保障模式的界定出发，结合全球化、欧洲劳动力市场规制、社会模式传统和现有政策实践，介绍了欧洲灵活保障模式的起源；随后，从灵活保障模式的一般类型出发，详细地探讨了丹麦与荷兰两国的先行实践以及欧盟其他国家的政策实践；最后，论文从理论与实践上肯定了欧洲灵活保障模式的绩效，并指出为了更好地理解灵活保障模式的实质以及对于劳动力市场改善的传导机制，我们还需要对这些政策结构与实施绩效进行长期的跟踪与检验。

关键词：灵活保障模式  起源  实践  绩效

 

The European Flexicurity Model: Origins, Practices and Performance

YANG Weiguo  TANG Sui

 

Beginning with its definition, this paper introduces the origins of the flexicurity model from the perspectives of globalization, labor market regulation, the traditional social model and the pioneering practices in the European countries. Based on an analysis of the general types of flexicurity, this paper discusses in detail the flexicurity practices in 　　Denmark　　, the 　　Netherlands　　, as well as in other EU countries. After that, it affirms the performances of the flexicurity model both in theory and in practice. Finally, this paper points out that long-term follow-up studies need to be conducted on these policy structures and practical performances, in order for us to better understand both the essence of flexicurity and its transferring mechanism in improving the labor market.

 

 

北欧国家福利改革：政策实施成效及其制度背景的制约

林卡

 

    本文回顾了北欧各国自20世纪90年代以来所采取的福利改革措施，指出这些改革并未达到政策设计者所期待的用削弱国家福利的方法，来刺激和鼓励非公共福利部门的发展这一目的。为什么在这些国家中发展非公共部门如此困难？原因在于，在社会民主主义制度下，私人生活领域与公共生活领域融为一体，从而使人们的生活和福利状态不再仅仅是个人的私事而是社会的公共事务。这种状态使人们对福利国家体制产生功能性的需求。文章考察了国家、市场、社团、社区、家庭和个人在北欧福利国家体制内所形成的制度联系，并以此来阐释福利国家体制的制度基础。在该体制中，公共部门与私营部门能很好地整合在一起、相互配合，这就是北欧模式具有很强的持续性的根本原因。

关键词：北欧  福利国家  社会政策  公共部门  福利改革

 

Welfare Reforms in the Nordic Countries: Policy Implementation, Performances and Institutional Constraints

LIN Ka

 

This paper first provides a general overview about the welfare reforms in the Nordic countries since the 1990s, based on which the author evaluates the effects of these reforms. It appears that the original objectives of these reforms, that is, to encourage and stimulate the development of non-public institutions by reducing state welfare in order to lower the state’s burden, have not yet been fully realised. What factors make it so difficult to develop the non-public welfare providers in the Nordic countries? In a way of sectoral analysis, this research offers the readers some clues to this question. It takes the interplay of the private and public institutions under the social democratic model of welfare states as the key of interpretation. With this “interplay”, people’s living and welfare conditions are perceived not only as private but as public affairs. This situation creates a functional necessity for the operation of a state welfare system. Thus, by examining the institutional relations among the state, market, associations, communities, families and individuals, this study explores a particular type of institutional order in these Nordic countries. Under this order, the private and public sectors are both well integrated and mutually supported, which is the fundamental reason for the durability of the Nordic welfare model.

 

 

英国核威慑之争论

何奇松

 

    在核态势趋向缓和背景下，英国工党政府于1998年颁布《战略防务评估》，宣告英国政府奉行“最低限度的核威慑”战略，同时着手削减核武库。但是面对核扩散加剧情况下，英国政府在多份白皮书中均提出，确保“最低限度的核威慑”，并且让公众参与和讨论如何确保“最低限度的核威慑”战略。英国国内的专家学者、不同的组织针对英国是否保留核威慑及其手段、采取何种发射系统以及更新核武器是否有悖于《不扩散核武器条约》的义务等问题展开争论，其中涉及经费开支、核威慑的效能和英国的大国地位等诸多方面。在保持与更新核武器系统是否违背不扩散核武器条约的问题上，英国国内有人提出“虚拟核武库”的构想，既保证核威慑，又可以朝着核军控与裁军方面迈进，在很大程度上是迈向核裁军的一个实际步骤。

关键词：英国  核战略  核威慑  核裁军

 

Debates on Nuclear Deterrence in Britain

HE Qisong

 

In the background of  the alleviation of nuclear posture, the Strategic Defence Review was published by the British Labour Party government in 1998, which stated that Britain would pursue the “minimum nuclear deterrence” strategy and at the same time decrease its nuclear arsenal. However, in the face of the deteriorating nuclear proliferation, the British government announced in several white papers that 　　Britain　　 would guarantee the minimum nuclear deterrence and called the public to join the discussions about it. Specialists, scholars and various organisations have been engaged in the debates on issues such as whether Britain should maintain its nuclear deterrence, what kind of launching system should be adopted and whether updating nuclear arsenal violates its obligations under the Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), which involves a multitude of problems like the cost and effect of nuclear deterrence and Britain’s status as a world power. Regarding the issue of whether maintaining and updating nuclear arsenal runs counter to the obligations under the NPT, a proposal named “Virtual Arsenal” has gained prominence, which not only ensures nuclear deterrence but  is a critical step towards nuclear arms control and disarmament.

 

 

土耳其在加入欧盟问题上的基本立场

李秉忠

 

    土耳其申请加入欧盟无疑是国际政治和国际关系中的一个特殊案例。无论是它顺利入盟、最终放弃抑或是被欧盟长期拒绝，该事件都会在国际政治史上产生深刻影响。目前国内外对这个问题的研究大多集中在欧盟对土耳其入盟的态度上。反之，较少关注土耳其在入盟问题上的立场。本文则通过分析以下几方面问题：土耳其入盟的历史、土耳其入盟的障碍、土耳其入盟后对欧盟的可能贡献、土耳其对入盟的利弊权衡等，尝试从另一个侧面剖析土耳其入盟问题的复杂性。

关键词：土耳其  欧盟

 

Turkey’s Basic Standpoint on the EU Membership

LI Bingzhong

 

Turkey’s application for EU membership is undoubtedly a unique case in international politics and international relationships. Whether 　　Turkey　　 is admitted to the EU, it gives up on its own will or it is rejected by the EU for a long time, this matter itself will definitely exert deep-going influences on the international politics. Up to now most of the studies on this problem concentrate on the EU’s attitudes towards Turkey but much less on the attitudes of Turkey towards joining the EU. The author tries to explore the complexity of Turkey’s application for EU membership by analysing its application process, the obstacles to its EU membership, the possible contributions that Turkey could make after it joins the EU, and Turkey’s weighting on the benefits and losses of EU membership.

 

 

和平与安全：欧盟对外政策的基本价值理念

杨逢珉

 

    作为一个区域一体化集团，欧盟经过几十年的发展，已经成长为多极化世界中一支举足轻重的政治与经济力量。欧盟也试图凭借其日趋强大的实力向世界推行其价值理念、扩大其影响。在当今世界中，一个和平、安全的环境是实现发展的必要条件。欧盟顺应时势，以“和平与安全”为理念推行其对外政策，以此提高其在世界上的政治与经济影响力。

关键词：和平  安全  欧盟  对外政策

 

Peace and Safety: The Basic Values behind the EU’s Foreign Policies

YANG Fengmin

 

The EU, as a regional group, has grown into a decisive political and economic power in the multi-polarized world after several decades’ development. The EU has also been trying to extend its values to the world with the help of its increasing strength in order to enhance its influences. Since a peaceful and safe environment has become the indispensable precondition for development, the EU’s extension of its foreign policy should be founded on the idea of peace and safety, which is both effective and easy to be accepted by the rest of the world, so as to enhance its political and economic influences in the world.